Sculpting is one of the oldest art forms of humankind. From indigenous art such as the anito and bulul, and the Santos of Christian communities, sculpture is embedded in Philippine culture. After the Second World War, modern sculpture rose into the local zeitgeist, introducing new materials and forms in the process. Considered the Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture, Napoleon “Billy” Veloso Abueva is an influential figure in the art form. 

Born in 1930, Napoleon Abueva was raised in Tagbilaran, Bohol. Having been raised on his family’s farm, he enjoyed playing with mud. Meanwhile, he first encountered clay during his gardening classes. He would use these materials to construct animal forms. “As a child, I made animal forms, especially of the carabao, out of garden clay,” recounts Abueva in a 2003 interview with Jose Wendell Capili. 

Abueva’s experience with manual work also influenced his affinity for sculpture. During his teenage years, he worked in concrete fabrication, gaining knowledge of the construction of homes, roads, and bridges through hands-on experience with concrete. He also worked on lapidas and other sculptural pieces for cemeteries using white cement.  “I think to be a sculptor, you have to be really radical, engage in actual work—manual work,” Abueva remarked. 

As a member of the modernist movement in the country, Abueva redefined the local sculpture scene. In 1976, his career was cemented in history when he was named National Artist for Sculpture. At just 46 years old, he was—and remains—the youngest artist ever conferred with the nation’s highest honor.

College of Fine Arts

Napoleon Abueva attended the University of the Philippines College of Fine Arts as a Pura Villanueva-Kalaw scholar. It was his brother, Teodoro “Teddy” Abueva, who served as his father figure after the death of their parents and encouraged him to pursue the arts. In university, he was mentored by National Artist Guillermo Tolentino, also known as the Father of Philippine Arts, from 1950 until 1953. 

Tolentino held conservative views on art, coming from the old, classical school. Abueva, on the other hand, deviated from the traditional. To Tolentino, Abueva has this to say: “I moved on, and although we disagreed on many points, he was nevertheless encouraging. He was a very good teacher, and he was very happy with what I managed to achieve.”

Notable Works

The Kiss of Judas (1955)

Created by Abueva as a student at the Cranbrook Institute of Art in Michigan, USA, the Kiss of Judas (1955) is a sculpture carved out of oak wood. It portrays the moment Judas Iscariot betrays Jesus Christ, with the kiss serving as a tender interpretation of treason. The piece earned him First Prize and Purchase Prize in the sculpture division of the 4th Religious Art Exhibition and Competition in Detroit, Michigan, at the age of 26. Abueva recalled, “Tolentino really abhorred distortion and when ‘The Kiss of Judas’ won a prize, he jokingly referred to it as ‘the monster.’”

Rice Planting (1952) 

Inspired by the song Magtanim at di Biro, the wooden sculpture depicts two women planting rice while wearing salakots. This piece won Abueva first place in the Art Association of the Philippines (AAP) contest in 1952, while he was a student at the University of the Philippines Diliman. 

Kaganapan or Fulfillment (1952)

Kaganapan is one of Abueva’s most memorable pieces. Through this marble sculpture, he explored a neo-realist approach. The piece  is an intimate portrayal of an expectant mother, which Abueva describes as “the promise of a new life.”

It showcases a deep understanding of the human form: the woman is gently holding her bump, her back curved forward, and her face tilted downwards with a pensive expression. 

The Transfiguration (1979)

Made out of brass, copper, and stainless steel, the Transfiguration is a statue of a risen Jesus Christ. Standing at 33 feet tall, it was commissioned for the Eternal Gardens in Baesa, Caloocan City, in 1979. The figure of Christ is looking up to the heavens, His arms outstretched, and His clothes draping on his body. The Eternal Gardens states that this piece “represents our faith in God and eternal life, expressing humanity’s highest inspiration in the search for enlightenment.” Today, this piece is one of Abueva’s most well-known works, serving as a popular landmark. 

Siyam na Diwata ng Sining or Nine Muses (1994) 

Situated in the Hardin ng mga Diwata, along the University of the Philippines Faculty Center, Abueva’s Siyam na Diwata ng Sining is a sculptural depiction of the 9 muses, namely: architecture, dance, film, literature, music, painting, photography, sculpture, and theater. Carved out of reinforced concrete, the sculpture utilizes female figures to depict these artistic disciplines. 

“He liked the women who had powerful bodies as well… I think it really shows in his art as well. If you look at the Nine Muses, these are all women with muscle. Women who are powerful,” states his daughter, Amihan Abueva.

Each muse possesses a unique form, while holding onto each other to form a ring. The muses presented are nude, presenting the uninhibited nature of artistic expression. His daughter states, “He did a lot of work in different kinds of materials and in different styles. But for me, there’s a certain fluidity. Whatever the subject is of his work, whether it’s very abstract or figurative.”

In the aforementioned 2003 interview, when asked about how he wished to be remembered, Abueva cites the inscription on one of his designs: “Whatever desire is expressed in form, one conceives in realm of design. The mind in the hand can falter or surpass: if you answer which one and how much was done by love.”

Read More: Napoleon Abueva’s Gothic “chapel” workshop

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